Pendidikan di Amerika
Negara serikat atau federal yang dipilih Amerika Serikat (AS) juga tercermin dari sistem pendidikannya yang menganut desentralisasi melalui negara-negara bagian (states).
Penanggung jawab utama semua urusan pendidikan adalah departemen pendidikan yang berkedudukan di Washington. Sedang urusan sehari-hari diserahkan penuh pada tiap negara bagian.

Mirip dengan di Indonesia, selain pemerintah, swasta dan organisasi keagamaan juga diperkenankan mendirikan sekolah-sekolah. Jenjang sekolah yang mereka dirikan bervariasi dari tingkat dasar hingga perguruan tinggi. Sekolah-sekolah swasta ini juga diperbolehkan menggunakan sistem pendidikan yang berbeda dengan yang digunakan negara bagian bersangkutan. Boarding school (sekolah asrama) adalah contoh jenis sekolah yang dibuka oleh swasta atau organisasi keagamaan.
Khusus mengenai pendidikan tinggi, pendidikan tinggi di AS dapat dibedakan menjadi College dan University. College umumnya –dengan beberapa perkecualian- lebih berfokus menyelenggarakan pendidikan program sarjana (undergraduate), sedangkan university menyelenggarakan baik sarjana (undergraduate) dan pasca sarjana (graduate). Di university istilah college menjadi mirip dengan fakultas. Sebagai contoh, di university akan kita temukan College of Engineering (Fakultas Teknik) atau College of Economics (Fakultas Ekonomi).
Meskipun demikian, seperti telah disebutkan sebelumnya, college di university ini hanya mengurusi program sarjana (undergraduate). Jadi jika ada calon mahasiswa asal Indonesia ingin mendaftar program Master Teknik Pertambangan, dia mesti berhubungan dengan Graduate College (Program Pasca Sarjana). Graduate college ini kemudian akan meneruskan lamaran ke Department of Mining Engineering yang selanjutnya akan dikembalikan lagi ke Graduate College untuk diputuskan apakah calon mahasiswa itu diterima atau tidak. Jika akhirnya diterima, mahasiswa tersebut akan terdaftar secara administratif di Graduate College dan secara akademis di Department of Mining Engineering.
Untuk program pasca sarjana, tidak semua universitas menawarkan program doktor. Beberapa diantaranya hanya menawarkan hingga jenjang master, terutama jika program itu ditujukan untuk mendidik lulusannya sebagai praktisi yang siap di dunia kerja. Program master ini juga ada 2 macam. Master terminal dan master berkelanjutan.
Seperti sudah dijelaskan sebelumnya, master terminal adalah program untuk menyiapkan lulusannya sebagai praktisi. Setelah selesai pendidikan, dia diharapkan langsung balik ke dunia kerja. Sedang lulusan master berkelanjutan diperuntukkan bagi yang berkeinginan meneruskan pendidikannya ke jenjang doktor.
Pada tahun 2001 tepatnya dari tanggal 2 s.d. 16 Juni beberapa orang pejabat eselon II di lingkungan Departemen Agama pusat dan daerah mengunjungi Amerika Serikat, khususnya di negara bagian Virginia, guna melakukan studi banding di bidang pendidikan. Hasil studi banding telah dilaporkan kepada pimpinan Departemen Agama, namun kemungkinan sebagian kecil saja yang mengetahuinya. Bahkan peserta yang ikut melakukan studi banding mungkin lupa karena tertindih dengan berbagai program dan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan di unit masing-masing. Berikut ini saya coba untuk menuturkan kembali beberapa hal yang terkait dengan hasil studi banding tersebut.

Sekilas tentang sistem pendidikan di AS

Ada dua macam pendidikan di AS, yaitu negeri dan swasta; namun antara keduanya ada pendidikan di rumah. Karena tidak disebutkan dalam konstitusi, maka tanggung jawab pendidikan adalah pada negara bagian. Pengawasan pendidikan dilakukan oleh 3 pihak, yaitu federal, state, dan local control. Di tingkat lokal, pengawasan dilakukan oleh dewan sekolah, pengawas, sekolah kabupaten, orang tua, dan masyarakat. Tiap state atau negara bagian memiliki sistem pendidikan tersendiri, sehingga ada 50 macam sistem pendidikan di AS sesuai dengan jumlah negara bagian. Masing-masing mendelegasikan kekuasaannya kepada dewan sekolah. Karena itu kontrol pendidikan terletak pada sekolah dan masyarakat di kabupaten.

Tiap sekolah memiliki sistem pendidikan. Jika jumlah sekolah di AS ada 14.000, ini berarti ada 14.000 macam sistem pendidikan. Jumlah tersebut dari tahun ke tahun menurun. Pada tahun 1930 sebanyak 130.000 ribu, dan pada tahun 2000 tinggal 14.000. Jam belajar diatur setiap hari antara 6-7 jam, termasuk makan siang. Dalam setahun hari masuk sekitar 180-190 yang terbagi dalam 4 kuartal @ 9 minggu untuk SMU. Sedangkan tingkat SD-SLTP sehari antara 6-7 jam pelajaran @ 45-55 menit. Terkadang ada penjadwalan dengan waktu 90 menit yang disebut dengan (block(.

Kurikulum inti ditentukan oleh tiap state, terdiri dari: seni bahasa (menulis, ejaan, membaca), bahasa, sains, matematika, ilmu pengetahuan sosial, dan olah raga. Persyaratan lulusan ditentukan oleh tiap state, dan saat itu 34 states mengharuskan tes bagi siswa yang menghasilkan produk, jadi bukan tes tertulis. Produk tersebut antara lain berupa hasil riset dan dipresentasikan di depan kelas. Ebtanas tidak ada. Nampaknya, tidak ada satu sistem pendidikan tertentu yang harus dianut di AS.

Konsep pendidikan leadership dan management

Leadership dan management dibedakan karena fungsinya, yaitu: leadership berfungsi untuk melakukan perubahan, sedangkan management berfungsi untuk mengatasi kompleksitas atau mempertahankan status quo. Keduanya memiliki fungsi yang sama, yaitu: (a)menetapkan sesuatu yang harus dikerjakan, (b)membuat jaringan kerja dan hubungan guna mencapai tujuan, dan (c)berupaya meyakinkan agar orang mau melakukan pekerjaannya.

Konsep kebijakan

Kebijakan pendidikan dibuat oleh federal, state, dan sekolah tingkat kabupaten; dan dilaksanakan oleh superintendent atau pengawas. Nilai yang diperdebatkan di bidang pendidikan ada empat, yaitu: (a)persamaan, bahwa setiap anak mendapat kesempatan untuk belajar, (b)efisiensi, (c)otonomi, dan (d)berkualitas tinggi. Dukungan politik harus selaras agar tujuan pendidikan tercapai, dan filosofinya harus sama.

Penataan pendidikan

Penataan pendidikan dilakukan oleh 4 tingkat, yaitu: (a)lokal, terdiri dari dewan sekolah, superintendent, kepala sekolah, orang tua, dan masyarakat; (b)wilayah, terdapat di beberapa negara bagian saja (29 states) yang melakukan koordinasi dan jasa lain seperti konsultasi, SDM bidang kurikulum, pengajaran, evaluasi, dan diklat; (c)state, membuat peraturan sekolah dan membentuk dewan sekolah; dan (d)federal, yang memberikan dukungan keuangan, tetapi tidak ikut campur dalam kebijakan pendidikan. Sekolah swasta mengikuti aturan yang diberlakukan di sekolah negeri baik bidang kurikulum, kesejahteraan siswa, kesehatan, dan lain-lainnya.

Perbandingan sistem pendidikan di AS dan di Indonesia

Perbandingan yang jelas dari segi guru adalah di bidang persyaratan. Guru harus memiliki lisensi mengajar yang dikeluarkan oleh National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. Lisensi ini harus diperbarui setiap 5 tahun. Guru harus berpendidikan minimal S-1 di bidang mata pelajaran yang diajarkan, dan menguasai metode pembelajaran. Pembaruan lisensi dimaksudkan agar guru selalu mengikuti perkembangan dan menambah pengetahuannya. Ia harus mengambil course di perguruan tinggi yang mencapai 180 poin, atau ekivalen dengan 6 kredit.


Pendidikan di Indonesia
Pendidikan dalam bahasa Yunani berasal dari kata padegogik yaitu ilmu menuntun anak. Orang Romawi melihat pendidikan sebagai educare, yaitu mengeluarkan dan menuntun, tindakan merealisasikan potensi anak yang dibawa waktu dilahirkan di dunia. Bangsa Jerman melihat pendidikan sebagai Erziehung yang setara dengan educare, yakni : membangkitkan kekuatan terpendam atau mengaktifkan kekuatan atau potensi anak. Dalam bahasa Jawa, pendidikan berarti panggulawentah (pengolahan - Red), mengolah, mengubah kejiwaan, mematangkan perasaan, pikiran, kemauan dan watak, mengubah kepribadian sang anak.

Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) pendidikan berasal dari kata dasar didik (mendidik), yaitu : memelihara dan memberi latihan (ajaran, pimpinan) mengenai akhlak dan kecerdasan pikiran. Sedangkan pendidikan mempunyai pengertian : proses pengubahan sikap dan tata laku seseorang atau kelompok orang dalam usaha mendewasakan manusia melalui upaya pengajaran dan latihan, proses perbuatan, cara mendidik. Ki Hajar Dewantara mengartikan pendidikan sebagai daya upaya untuk memajukan budi pekerti, pikiran serta jasmani anak, agar dapat memajukan kesempurnaan hidup yaitu hidup dan menghidupkan anak yang selaras dengan alam dan masyarakatnya.

Dari pengertian-pengertian dan analisis yang ada maka bisa disimpulkan bahwa pendidikan adalah upaya menuntun anak sejak lahir untuk mencapai kedewasaan jasmani dan rohani, dalam interaksi alam beserta lingkungannya.

Dalam pendidikan terdapat dua hal penting yaitu aspek kognitif (berpikir) dan aspek afektif (merasa). Sebagai ilustrasi, saat kita mempelajari sesuatu maka di dalamnya tidak saja proses berpikir yang ambil bagian tapi juga ada unsur-unsur yang berkaitan dengan perasaan seperti semangat, suka dan lain-lain. Substansi pendidikan menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara adalah membebaskan manusia dan menurut Drikarya adalah memanusiakan manusia. Ini menunjukan bahwa para pakar pun menilai bahwa pendidikan tidak hanya sekedar memperhatikan aspek kognitif saja tapi cakupannya harus lebih luas.

Bagaimana dengan pendidikan di Indonesia?
Apakah pendidikan di Indonesia memperhatikan permasalahan detail seperti ini? Inilah salah satu kesalahan terbesar metode pendidikan yang dikembangkan di Indonesia. Pendidikan kita sangat tidak memperhatikan aspek afektif (merasa), sehingga kita hanya tercetak sebagai generasi-generasi yang pintar tapi tidak memiliki karakter-karakter yang dibutuhkan oleh bangsa ini. Sudah 45 tahun Indonesia merdeka, dan setiap tahunnya keluar ribuan hingga jutaan kaum intelektual. Tapi tak kuasa mengubah nasib bangsa ini. Maka pasti ada yang salah dengan sistem pendidikan yang kita kembangkan hingga saat ini.

Kesalahan kedua, sistem pendidikan yang top-down atau dari atas kebawah. Freire menyebutnya dengan banking-system. Dalam artian peserta didik dianggap sebagai safe-deposit-box dimana guru mentransfer bahan ajar kepada peserta didik. Dan sewaktu-waktu jika itu diperlukan maka akan diambil dan dipergunakan. Jadi peserta didik hanya menampung apa yang disampaikan guru tanpa mencoba untuk berpikir lebih jauh tentang apa yang diterimanya, atau minimal terjadi proses seleksi kritis tentang bahan ajar yang ia terima. Dalam istilah bahasa arab pendidikan seperti ini dikatakan sebagai taqlid. Artinya menerima atau mengikuti apa saja yang dikatakan oleh para pendidik. Dan ini tidak sejalan dengan substansi pendidikan yang membebaskan manusia (Ki Hajar Dewantara).

Kesalahan ketiga, Saat ini terjadi penyempitan makna dari pendidikan itu sendiri ketika istilah-istilah industri mulai meracuni istilah istilah pendidikan. Di tandai dengan bergantinya manusia menjadi Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM).

Pendidikan di Amerika
Negara serikat atau federal yang dipilih Amerika Serikat (AS) juga tercermin dari sistem pendidikannya yang menganut desentralisasi melalui negara-negara bagian (states).
Penanggung jawab utama semua urusan pendidikan adalah departemen pendidikan yang berkedudukan di Washington. Sedang urusan sehari-hari diserahkan penuh pada tiap negara bagian.

Mirip dengan di Indonesia, selain pemerintah, swasta dan organisasi keagamaan juga diperkenankan mendirikan sekolah-sekolah. Jenjang sekolah yang mereka dirikan bervariasi dari tingkat dasar hingga perguruan tinggi. Sekolah-sekolah swasta ini juga diperbolehkan menggunakan sistem pendidikan yang berbeda dengan yang digunakan negara bagian bersangkutan. Boarding school (sekolah asrama) adalah contoh jenis sekolah yang dibuka oleh swasta atau organisasi keagamaan.
Khusus mengenai pendidikan tinggi, pendidikan tinggi di AS dapat dibedakan menjadi College dan University. College umumnya –dengan beberapa perkecualian- lebih berfokus menyelenggarakan pendidikan program sarjana (undergraduate), sedangkan university menyelenggarakan baik sarjana (undergraduate) dan pasca sarjana (graduate). Di university istilah college menjadi mirip dengan fakultas. Sebagai contoh, di university akan kita temukan College of Engineering (Fakultas Teknik) atau College of Economics (Fakultas Ekonomi).
Meskipun demikian, seperti telah disebutkan sebelumnya, college di university ini hanya mengurusi program sarjana (undergraduate). Jadi jika ada calon mahasiswa asal Indonesia ingin mendaftar program Master Teknik Pertambangan, dia mesti berhubungan dengan Graduate College (Program Pasca Sarjana). Graduate college ini kemudian akan meneruskan lamaran ke Department of Mining Engineering yang selanjutnya akan dikembalikan lagi ke Graduate College untuk diputuskan apakah calon mahasiswa itu diterima atau tidak. Jika akhirnya diterima, mahasiswa tersebut akan terdaftar secara administratif di Graduate College dan secara akademis di Department of Mining Engineering.
Untuk program pasca sarjana, tidak semua universitas menawarkan program doktor. Beberapa diantaranya hanya menawarkan hingga jenjang master, terutama jika program itu ditujukan untuk mendidik lulusannya sebagai praktisi yang siap di dunia kerja. Program master ini juga ada 2 macam. Master terminal dan master berkelanjutan.
Seperti sudah dijelaskan sebelumnya, master terminal adalah program untuk menyiapkan lulusannya sebagai praktisi. Setelah selesai pendidikan, dia diharapkan langsung balik ke dunia kerja. Sedang lulusan master berkelanjutan diperuntukkan bagi yang berkeinginan meneruskan pendidikannya ke jenjang doktor.
Pada tahun 2001 tepatnya dari tanggal 2 s.d. 16 Juni beberapa orang pejabat eselon II di lingkungan Departemen Agama pusat dan daerah mengunjungi Amerika Serikat, khususnya di negara bagian Virginia, guna melakukan studi banding di bidang pendidikan. Hasil studi banding telah dilaporkan kepada pimpinan Departemen Agama, namun kemungkinan sebagian kecil saja yang mengetahuinya. Bahkan peserta yang ikut melakukan studi banding mungkin lupa karena tertindih dengan berbagai program dan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan di unit masing-masing. Berikut ini saya coba untuk menuturkan kembali beberapa hal yang terkait dengan hasil studi banding tersebut.

Sekilas tentang sistem pendidikan di AS

Ada dua macam pendidikan di AS, yaitu negeri dan swasta; namun antara keduanya ada pendidikan di rumah. Karena tidak disebutkan dalam konstitusi, maka tanggung jawab pendidikan adalah pada negara bagian. Pengawasan pendidikan dilakukan oleh 3 pihak, yaitu federal, state, dan local control. Di tingkat lokal, pengawasan dilakukan oleh dewan sekolah, pengawas, sekolah kabupaten, orang tua, dan masyarakat. Tiap state atau negara bagian memiliki sistem pendidikan tersendiri, sehingga ada 50 macam sistem pendidikan di AS sesuai dengan jumlah negara bagian. Masing-masing mendelegasikan kekuasaannya kepada dewan sekolah. Karena itu kontrol pendidikan terletak pada sekolah dan masyarakat di kabupaten.

Tiap sekolah memiliki sistem pendidikan. Jika jumlah sekolah di AS ada 14.000, ini berarti ada 14.000 macam sistem pendidikan. Jumlah tersebut dari tahun ke tahun menurun. Pada tahun 1930 sebanyak 130.000 ribu, dan pada tahun 2000 tinggal 14.000. Jam belajar diatur setiap hari antara 6-7 jam, termasuk makan siang. Dalam setahun hari masuk sekitar 180-190 yang terbagi dalam 4 kuartal @ 9 minggu untuk SMU. Sedangkan tingkat SD-SLTP sehari antara 6-7 jam pelajaran @ 45-55 menit. Terkadang ada penjadwalan dengan waktu 90 menit yang disebut dengan (block(.

Kurikulum inti ditentukan oleh tiap state, terdiri dari: seni bahasa (menulis, ejaan, membaca), bahasa, sains, matematika, ilmu pengetahuan sosial, dan olah raga. Persyaratan lulusan ditentukan oleh tiap state, dan saat itu 34 states mengharuskan tes bagi siswa yang menghasilkan produk, jadi bukan tes tertulis. Produk tersebut antara lain berupa hasil riset dan dipresentasikan di depan kelas. Ebtanas tidak ada. Nampaknya, tidak ada satu sistem pendidikan tertentu yang harus dianut di AS.

Konsep pendidikan leadership dan management

Leadership dan management dibedakan karena fungsinya, yaitu: leadership berfungsi untuk melakukan perubahan, sedangkan management berfungsi untuk mengatasi kompleksitas atau mempertahankan status quo. Keduanya memiliki fungsi yang sama, yaitu: (a)menetapkan sesuatu yang harus dikerjakan, (b)membuat jaringan kerja dan hubungan guna mencapai tujuan, dan (c)berupaya meyakinkan agar orang mau melakukan pekerjaannya.

Konsep kebijakan

Kebijakan pendidikan dibuat oleh federal, state, dan sekolah tingkat kabupaten; dan dilaksanakan oleh superintendent atau pengawas. Nilai yang diperdebatkan di bidang pendidikan ada empat, yaitu: (a)persamaan, bahwa setiap anak mendapat kesempatan untuk belajar, (b)efisiensi, (c)otonomi, dan (d)berkualitas tinggi. Dukungan politik harus selaras agar tujuan pendidikan tercapai, dan filosofinya harus sama.

Penataan pendidikan

Penataan pendidikan dilakukan oleh 4 tingkat, yaitu: (a)lokal, terdiri dari dewan sekolah, superintendent, kepala sekolah, orang tua, dan masyarakat; (b)wilayah, terdapat di beberapa negara bagian saja (29 states) yang melakukan koordinasi dan jasa lain seperti konsultasi, SDM bidang kurikulum, pengajaran, evaluasi, dan diklat; (c)state, membuat peraturan sekolah dan membentuk dewan sekolah; dan (d)federal, yang memberikan dukungan keuangan, tetapi tidak ikut campur dalam kebijakan pendidikan. Sekolah swasta mengikuti aturan yang diberlakukan di sekolah negeri baik bidang kurikulum, kesejahteraan siswa, kesehatan, dan lain-lainnya.

Perbandingan sistem pendidikan di AS dan di Indonesia

Perbandingan yang jelas dari segi guru adalah di bidang persyaratan. Guru harus memiliki lisensi mengajar yang dikeluarkan oleh National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. Lisensi ini harus diperbarui setiap 5 tahun. Guru harus berpendidikan minimal S-1 di bidang mata pelajaran yang diajarkan, dan menguasai metode pembelajaran. Pembaruan lisensi dimaksudkan agar guru selalu mengikuti perkembangan dan menambah pengetahuannya. Ia harus mengambil course di perguruan tinggi yang mencapai 180 poin, atau ekivalen dengan 6 kredit.


Pendidikan di Indonesia
Pendidikan dalam bahasa Yunani berasal dari kata padegogik yaitu ilmu menuntun anak. Orang Romawi melihat pendidikan sebagai educare, yaitu mengeluarkan dan menuntun, tindakan merealisasikan potensi anak yang dibawa waktu dilahirkan di dunia. Bangsa Jerman melihat pendidikan sebagai Erziehung yang setara dengan educare, yakni : membangkitkan kekuatan terpendam atau mengaktifkan kekuatan atau potensi anak. Dalam bahasa Jawa, pendidikan berarti panggulawentah (pengolahan - Red), mengolah, mengubah kejiwaan, mematangkan perasaan, pikiran, kemauan dan watak, mengubah kepribadian sang anak.

Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) pendidikan berasal dari kata dasar didik (mendidik), yaitu : memelihara dan memberi latihan (ajaran, pimpinan) mengenai akhlak dan kecerdasan pikiran. Sedangkan pendidikan mempunyai pengertian : proses pengubahan sikap dan tata laku seseorang atau kelompok orang dalam usaha mendewasakan manusia melalui upaya pengajaran dan latihan, proses perbuatan, cara mendidik. Ki Hajar Dewantara mengartikan pendidikan sebagai daya upaya untuk memajukan budi pekerti, pikiran serta jasmani anak, agar dapat memajukan kesempurnaan hidup yaitu hidup dan menghidupkan anak yang selaras dengan alam dan masyarakatnya.

Dari pengertian-pengertian dan analisis yang ada maka bisa disimpulkan bahwa pendidikan adalah upaya menuntun anak sejak lahir untuk mencapai kedewasaan jasmani dan rohani, dalam interaksi alam beserta lingkungannya.

Dalam pendidikan terdapat dua hal penting yaitu aspek kognitif (berpikir) dan aspek afektif (merasa). Sebagai ilustrasi, saat kita mempelajari sesuatu maka di dalamnya tidak saja proses berpikir yang ambil bagian tapi juga ada unsur-unsur yang berkaitan dengan perasaan seperti semangat, suka dan lain-lain. Substansi pendidikan menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara adalah membebaskan manusia dan menurut Drikarya adalah memanusiakan manusia. Ini menunjukan bahwa para pakar pun menilai bahwa pendidikan tidak hanya sekedar memperhatikan aspek kognitif saja tapi cakupannya harus lebih luas.

Bagaimana dengan pendidikan di Indonesia?
Apakah pendidikan di Indonesia memperhatikan permasalahan detail seperti ini? Inilah salah satu kesalahan terbesar metode pendidikan yang dikembangkan di Indonesia. Pendidikan kita sangat tidak memperhatikan aspek afektif (merasa), sehingga kita hanya tercetak sebagai generasi-generasi yang pintar tapi tidak memiliki karakter-karakter yang dibutuhkan oleh bangsa ini. Sudah 45 tahun Indonesia merdeka, dan setiap tahunnya keluar ribuan hingga jutaan kaum intelektual. Tapi tak kuasa mengubah nasib bangsa ini. Maka pasti ada yang salah dengan sistem pendidikan yang kita kembangkan hingga saat ini.

Kesalahan kedua, sistem pendidikan yang top-down atau dari atas kebawah. Freire menyebutnya dengan banking-system. Dalam artian peserta didik dianggap sebagai safe-deposit-box dimana guru mentransfer bahan ajar kepada peserta didik. Dan sewaktu-waktu jika itu diperlukan maka akan diambil dan dipergunakan. Jadi peserta didik hanya menampung apa yang disampaikan guru tanpa mencoba untuk berpikir lebih jauh tentang apa yang diterimanya, atau minimal terjadi proses seleksi kritis tentang bahan ajar yang ia terima. Dalam istilah bahasa arab pendidikan seperti ini dikatakan sebagai taqlid. Artinya menerima atau mengikuti apa saja yang dikatakan oleh para pendidik. Dan ini tidak sejalan dengan substansi pendidikan yang membebaskan manusia (Ki Hajar Dewantara).

Kesalahan ketiga, Saat ini terjadi penyempitan makna dari pendidikan itu sendiri ketika istilah-istilah industri mulai meracuni istilah istilah pendidikan. Di tandai dengan bergantinya manusia menjadi Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM).

TOEFL

The TOEFL is the product of the Educational Testing Service (ETS). TOEFL, pronounced "toe-full", evaluates the potential success of an individual to use and understand standard American English at a college level.
TOEFL is required for non-native applicants at many US and other English-speaking colleges and universities. It is a standardized test of English for academic purposes, and is commonly used in university programs as a benchmark of proficiency in English for entrance requirements.
The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) is widely used by colleges and universities, scholarship agencies, and professional licensing organizations to assess English language proficiency.
Four skills are tested in TOEFL: Listening, Structure, Reading, and Writing. In the near future, Speaking will be added and Structure dispensed with. The test itself takes approximately four hours including the (required) computer tutorial.
TOEFL stands for Test Of English as a Foreign Language. The TOEFL was introduced in the 1960ies by ETS — Educational Testing Services. Now, almost 800,000 people take the TOEFL exam every year worldwide.
You probably know that a growing number of universities and colleges offer courses and academic study programs in English so if you want to enrol in one of them you must have a good command of the English language. This is where the TOEFL comes into play. It is the most widely used academic English proficiency test in the world. Thousands of colleges and universities use the TOEFL to test and evaluate the English language competency of their students and academic personnel.
In addition, many government agencies, sponsoring institutions and other authorities require TOEFL scores.
The TOEFL test measures English language proficiency in these three disciplines: reading, listening and writing. In most regions of the world you can take the TOEFL on a computer (CBT: Computer-Based Test) somewhere near your home. In areas with limited access to computer-based testing facilities you can take a paper-and-pencil version of the test.

kesimpulan :
TOEFL adalah singkatan dari Test Of Bahasa Inggris sebagai Bahasa Asing. TOEFL diperkenalkan di tahun 1960 oleh ETS - Educational Testing Services. Sekarang, hampir 800.000 orang mengambil ujian TOEFL setiap tahun di seluruh dunia. TOEFL adalah produk dari Educational Testing Service (ETS). TOEFL mengevaluasi potensi keberhasilan seorang individu untuk menggunakan dan memahami bahasa Inggris standar Amerika di tingkat perguruan tinggi. TOEFL diperlukan untuk pelamar non-asli di Amerika dan banyak digunakan oleh perguruan tinggi untuk mengetahui sejauh mana kemampuannya dalam bahasa inggris. TOEFL digunakan untuk tes standar bahasa Inggris untuk tujuan akademik, dan umumnya digunakan dalam program universitas sebagai patokan kemahiran dalam bahasa Inggris untuk persyaratan masuk. Empat keterampilan diuji dalam TOEFL: Listening, Struktur, Membaca, dan Menulis. Dalam waktu dekat, Berbicara akan ditambahkan dan Struktur ditiadakan. Tes itu sendiri berlangsung sekitar empat jam, termasuk komputer (wajib) tutorial.

Complaint Letter

An effective complaint letter is short and to the point and includes documentation. Written correctly it can also help make your voice heard and achieve your goals.

How to write a complaint letter that gets results
Keep in mind that most errors are unintentional
and realize that most businesses and organizations want to address and clear up complaints quickly in order to have satisfied customers or members.

Address your letter to a specific person
Letters addressed to "Dear Sir" or "To Whom it May Concern" are not as effective and will likely not reach the right person. Call ahead and ask for the name of the manager and his or her administrative assistant. Writing to the assistant may ensure your letter reaches the manager.

Begin your letter on a positive tone
Consider how you'd react if an angry customer approaches you and shouts obscenities versus someone who smiles who begins the conversion with compliments.

Be brief
Keep your complaint letter to one page, and write short paragraphs rather than long ones.

Be honest and straightforward
Include sufficient detail to back up your claim and to show that you have thoroughly researched the subject. However, omit irrelevant details.

Maintain a firm but respectful tone, and avoid aggressive, accusing language
Keep your complaint letter concise and professional.

Send only photocopies of receipts and other documents, and retain all originals
Keep a copy of the complaint letter for your records.

Get other signatures
In many cases, you can increase the effectiveness of your letter by getting several others to sign it with you. This is particularly the case when trying to influence or change legislation, denouncing material from the media, and so forth.

Do not threaten!
If a company has repeatedly given you bad service and refuses to correct the situation and you feel that your only recourse is to pursue legal action, voice your feelings in a tactful but firm way. However, don't threaten legal action unless you are willing to follow through with it.

Avoid making generalizations
about the company or organization if your complaint letter focuses on a single individual.

Use tact, and be direct, but respectful
If you need to make a complaint to or about people that you will still have contact with on a regular basis, your complaint needs to accomplish its purpose without destroying the relationship.

Include your contact information
Include your name, address, phone number, and e-mail address, if desired, so that the person(s) can reach you to discuss any questions or concerns.

If a first letter does not bring action, assume a stronger but still respectful tone in the next one.
If two or three letters do not resolve the problem, send one to the president or CEO of the company or entity. In each case, be firm but polite.



With a well-written complaint letter you can:
• Clearly make your complaint to the person(s) involved.
• State plainly and directly your reason(s) for making the complaint.
• Indicate what the reader can or should do to address your complaint, and specify how long you are willing to wait to have your complaint resolved. (Be reasonable.)
• Communicate clearly, but respectfully, that you are dissatisfied with the service you have received.
• Explain why your suggestion or request for retribution should be granted (if you made one).
• Make your concerns known to politicians and bureaucrats. (Note: Your letter is more likely to be answered if you discuss specific concerns rather than political issues.)

Writing complaints letters - examples of how to write good complaints letters

Additional UK Consumer Protection Regulations became effective on 26 May 2008.
Whether you are are complaining as a consumer or responding to consumer complaints, these far-reaching new regulations which might affect your position.
Here is a summary of these regulations and their implications.
Here are simple tips, templates and examples for writing good complaints letters. This approach to complaints letter-writing is effective for private consumers and for business-to-business customers who seek positive outcomes from writing letters of complaint. The principles apply to complaints emails and phone calls too, although letters remain generally the most reliable and effective way to complain, especially for serious complaints.
Effective complaints letters (and any other way of complaining) should be:
• concise
• authoritative
• factual
• constructive
• friendly
Imagine you are the person receiving customers' letters of complaints. This helps you realise that the person reading your letter is a real human being with feelings, trying to do their job to the best of their abilities. Your letter should encourage them to respond positively and helpfully to the complaint. No matter how mad you feel, aggression and confrontation does not encourage a helpful reaction to complaints.
Good complaints letters with the above features tend to produce better outcomes:
• Concise letters can be understood quickly.
• Authoritative letters - letters that are well written and professionally presented - have more credibility and are taken more seriously.
• Factual letters enable the reader to see immediately the relevant details, dates, requirements, etc., and to justify action to resolve the complaint.
• Constructive letters - with positive statements, suggesting positive actions - encourage action and quicker decisions.
• Friendly letters - with a considerate, cooperative and complimentary tone - are prioritised because the reader responds positively to the writer and wants to help.
These complaints methods are based on cooperation, relationships, constructive problem-solving, and are therefore transferable to phone and face-to-face complaints.
See the customer service code of practice and tips, to understand more about the organization's view of complaints handling.
What are the tips and secrets of effective complaints letter writing?
(Please note that UK English tends to prefer the spelling ISE in words such as apologise, organise, etc., whereas US English prefers IZE. Obviously in your letters use the appropriate spelling for your particular audience.)







Complaint Letter Example
in Complaint Letters
From:
Anne Rice
689, Park View Apartments
New Jersey
To:
Mr. Thomas Morgan
Customer Service Manager
ABC Company
New Jersey
23rd June, 2008.
Ref: Defective product
Dear Mr. Morgan,
I had bought the XYZ Baking Product, receipt number 123445 from your Company on 20th June. I regret to inform you that the product is defective and my numerous verbal complaints to your personnel have yielded no results.
I request you to either replace the product with a functioning new product or refund my money within one week.
I have never been let down by any of your products in the past and I look forward to your immediate action on this occasion.
I am enclosing a copy of the Receipt to help you initiate immediate action.
Thanking You,
Sincerely,
Anne Rice

Letter Of Inquiry

We write an inquiry when we want to ask for more information concerning a product, service or other information about a product or service that interests us. These letters are often written in response to an advertisement that we have seen in the paper, a magazine, a commercial on television when we are interested in purchasing a product, but would like more information before making a decision.

Remember to place your or your company's address at the top of the letter (or use your company's letterhead) followed by the address of the company you are writing to. The date can either be placed double spaced down or to the right.

Inquiry Letter Tips:
• Begin your letter by stating who you are and giving your status or position (such as student, researcher, interested consumer, etc.), and tell how you found out about the individual or entity that you are writing to.
• Clearly state what it is that you are inquiring about and what you would like the recipient of your letter to do. Make your inquiry as specific as possible.
• You might want to briefly explain the purpose of your letter or what you hope to accomplish. Such an explanation may prompt the recipient of your letter to act more quickly.
• If appropriate, consider mentioning the letter recipient’s qualifications for responding to your inquiry (this may prompt him/her to act when he/she might otherwise be hesitant to do so). For example, you could explain that you are writing to the reader because she is a leader in her field and the accepted authority on the subject you are interested in.
• Include the date by which you need the information, services, etc., that you are requesting, and indicate that you await the reader’s response.
• Thank the person for his/her time.

Example Template
[SENDER'S NAME]
[SENDER'S ADDRESS]
[SENDER'S PHONE]
[SENDER'S E-MAIL]

[DATE]


[RECIPIENT W/O PREFIX]
[RECIPIENT'S TITLE]
[RECIPIENT'S COMPANY]
[RECIPIENT'S ADDRESS]

(Optional) Attention [DEPARTMENT/PERSON],

Re: [SUBJECT]

Dear [RECIPIENT W/ PREFIX]:

[CONTENT.]

[CONTENT.]


[VALEDICTION (Sincerely, Respectfully, Regards, etc.)],




[SENDER]
[SENDER'S TITLE]


Enclosures ([NUMBER OF ENCLOSURES])

example :

5 style letter of business

1. Please explain briefly the part of the letter !

1. THE HEADING
The heading of a letter contains the street address, city, state, and the date.

2. THE INSIDE ADDRESS
In social correspondence what is known as the inside address is omitted .In correspondence it is obviously necessary. The name andaddress of the person to whom a business letter is sent is placed at the left-hand side of the letter sheet below the heading,

3. THE SALUTATION
The salutation, or complimentary address to the person to whom the letter is written, in a social letter should begin at the left-hand side of the sheet about half an inch below the heading and an inch from the edge of the paper.

4. THE BODY OF THE LETTER
In the placing of a formal note it must be arranged so that the complete note appears on the first page only. The social letter is either formal or informal. The formal letter must be written according to certain established practice. It is the letter used for invitations to formal affairs, for announcements, and for the acknowledgment of these letters. The third person must always be used. If one receives a letter written in the third person one must answer in kind. It would be obviously incongruous to write. For the informal letter there are no set rules except that of courtesy, which requires that we have our thought distinctly in mind before putting it on paper. It may be necessary to pause a few moments before writing, to think out just what we want to say. A rambling, incoherent letter is not in good taste any more than careless, disheveled clothing. Spelling should be correct. If there is any difficulty in spelling, a small dictionary kept in the desk drawer is easily consulted. Begin each sentence with a capital. Start a new paragraph when you change to a new subject. Put periods (or interrogation points as required) at the ends of the sentences. It is neater to preserve a margin on both sides of the letter sheet. In the body of a business letter the opening sentence is in an important position, and this is obviously the place for an important fact. It ought in some way to state or refer to the subject of or reason for the letter, so as to get the attention of the reader immediately to the subject.

5. THE COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE
The complimentary close follows the body of the letter, about two or three spaces below it. It begins about in the center of the page under the body of the letter. Only the first word should be capitalized and a comma is placed at the end. The wording may vary according to the degree of cordiality or friendship

6. THE SIGNATURE
The signature is written below the complimentary close and a little to the right, so that it ends about at the right-hand margin

7. THE SUPERSCRIPTION
In the outside address or superscription of a letter the following forms.
3. Please find out the style of letter !
Block
In a Block format letter, (1) all text is aligned to the left margin, (2) paragraphs are not indented. 3) parts and paragraphs are separated by double or triple spacing.
Semi-Block
In a Semi-Block format letter, (1) all text is aligned to the left margin, (2) paragraphs are indented.
Modified Block
In a Modified Block format letter, (1) all text is aligned to the left margin, except for the author's address, date, and closing; and (2) paragraphs are not indented. The author's address, date, and closing are usually indented three inches from the left margin, but can be set anywhere to the right of the middle of the page, as long as all three elements are indented to the same position.
Modified Semi-Block
In a Modified Semi-Block format letter, (1) all text is aligned to the left margin, except for the author's address, date, and closing; and (2) paragraphs are indented. The author's address, date, and closing are usually indented three inches from the left margin, but can be set anywhere to the right of the middle of the page, as long as all three elements are indented to the same position.







1. Semiblock






Legend:
1. Return Address: If your stationery has a letterhead, skip this. Otherwise, type your name, address and optionally, phone number, five spaces to the right of center or flush with the right margin. Five spaces to the right of center is common. These days, it's also common to include an email address.


2. Date: Type the date five spaces to the right of center or flush with the right margin, two to six lines below the letterhead. Five spaces to the right of center and three lines below the letterhead are common. If there is no letterhead, type it where shown.

3. Reference Line: If the recipient specifically requests information, such as a job reference or invoice number, type it on one or two lines, immediately below and aligned with the Date (2). If you're replying to a letter, refer to it here. For example,
• Re: Job # 625-01
• Re: Your letter dated 1/1/200x.

4. Special Mailing Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. Examples include
• SPECIAL DELIVERY
• CERTIFIED MAIL
• AIRMAIL

5. On-Arrival Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. You might want to include a notation on private correspondence, such as a resignation letter. Include the same on the envelope. Examples are
• PERSONAL
• CONFIDENTIAL

6. Inside Address: Type the name and address of the person and/or company to whom you're sending the letter, three to eight lines below the last component you typed. Four lines are standard. If you type an Attention Line (7), skip the person's name here. Do the same on the envelope.

7. Attention Line: Type the name of the person to whom you're sending the letter. If you type the person's name in the Inside Address (6), skip this. Do the same on the envelope.

8. Salutation: Type the recipient's name here. Type Mr. or Ms. [Last Name] to show respect, but don't guess spelling or gender. Some common salutations are
• Ladies:
• Gentlemen:
• Dear Sir:
• Dear Sir or Madam:
• Dear [Full Name]:
• To Whom it May Concern:

9. Subject Line: Type the gist of your letter in all uppercase characters. Be concise on one line. If you type a Reference Line (3), consider if you really need this line. While it's not really necessary for most employment-related letters, examples are below.
• SUBJECT: RESIGNATION
• LETTER OF REFERENCE
• JOB INQUIRY

10. Body: Indent the first sentence in paragraphs five spaces. Type two spaces between sentences. Keep it brief and to the point.

11. Complimentary Close: Type this aligned with the Date (2). What you type here depends on the tone and degree of formality. For example,
• Respectfully yours (very formal)
• Sincerely (typical, less formal)
• Very truly yours (polite, neutral)
• Cordially yours (friendly, informal)

12. Signature Block: Align this block with the Complimentary Close (11). Leave four blank lines to sign your name. Sign it exactly the same as you typed it below your signature. Title is optional depending on relevancy and degree of formality. Examples are
• John Doe, Manager
• P. Smith
Director, Technical Support
• R. T. Jones - Sr. Field Engineer

13. Identification Initials: If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters. If you typed your own letter, just skip it since your name is already in the Signature Block (12). Common styles are below.
• JAD/cm
• JAD:cm
• clm

14. Enclosure Notation: This line tells the reader to look in the envelope for more. Type the singular for only one enclosure, plural for more. If you don't enclose anything, skip it. Common styles are below.
• Enclosure
• Enclosures: 3
• Enclosures (3)

15. cc: Stands for courtesy copies (formerly carbon copies). List the names of people to whom you distribute copies, in alphabetical order. If addresses would be useful to the recipient of the letter, include them. If you don't copy your letter to anyone, skip it.







2. Profesinoal









3. Block Style






4. Full Block







Legend:
1. Return Address: If your stationery has a letterhead, skip this. Otherwise, type your name, address and optionally, phone number. These days, it's common to also include an email address.

2. Date: Type the date of your letter two to six lines below the letterhead. Three are standard. If there is no letterhead, type it where shown.

3. Reference Line: If the recipient specifically requests information, such as a job reference or invoice number, type it on one or two lines, immediately below the Date (2). If you're replying to a letter, refer to it here. For example,
• Re: Job # 625-01
• Re: Your letter dated 1/1/200x.

4. Special Mailing Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. Examples include
• SPECIAL DELIVERY
• CERTIFIED MAIL
• AIRMAIL

5. On-Arrival Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. You might want to include a notation on private correspondence, such as a resignation letter. Include the same on the envelope. Examples are
• PERSONAL
• CONFIDENTIAL

6. Inside Address: Type the name and address of the person and/or company to whom you're sending the letter, three to eight lines below the last component you typed. Four lines are standard. If you type an Attention Line (7), skip the person's name here. Do the same on the envelope.

7. Attention Line: Type the name of the person to whom you're sending the letter. If you type the person's name in the Inside Address (6), skip this. Do the same on the envelope.

8. Salutation: Type the recipient's name here. Type Mr. or Ms. [Last Name] to show respect, but don't guess spelling or gender. Some common salutations are
• Ladies:
• Gentlemen:
• Dear Sir:
• Dear Sir or Madam:
• Dear [Full Name]:
• To Whom it May Concern:

9. Subject Line: Type the gist of your letter in all uppercase characters, either flush left or centered. Be concise on one line. If you type a Reference Line (3), consider if you really need this line. While it's not really necessary for most employment-related letters, examples are below.
• SUBJECT: RESIGNATION
• LETTER OF REFERENCE
• JOB INQUIRY

10. Body: Type two spaces between sentences. Keep it brief and to the point.

11. Complimentary Close: What you type here depends on the tone and degree of formality. For example,
• Respectfully yours (very formal)
• Sincerely (typical, less formal)
• Very truly yours (polite, neutral)

• Cordially yours (friendly, informal)
12. Signature Block: Leave four blank lines after the Complimentary Close (11) to sign your name. Sign your name exactly as you type it below your signature. Title is optional depending on relevancy and degree of formality. Examples are
• John Doe, Manager
• P. Smith
Director, Technical Support
• R. T. Jones - Sr. Field Engineer

13. Identification Initials: If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters. If you typed your own letter, just skip it since your name is already in the Signature Block (12). Common styles are below.
• JAD/cm
• JAD:cm
• clm

14. Enclosure Notation: This line tells the reader to look in the envelope for more. Type the singular for only one enclosure, plural for more. If you don't enclose anything, skip it. Common styles are below.
• Enclosure
• Enclosures: 3
• Enclosures (3)

15. cc: Stands for courtesy copies (formerly carbon copies). List the names of people to whom you distribute copies, in alphabetical order. If addresses would be useful to the recipient of the letter, include them. If you don't copy your letter to anyone, skip it.





5. Standart

5 Style Letter Of Business

1. What do to know about business communition?
Communication is a process whereby information is enclosed in a package and is channeled and imparted by a sender to a receiver via some medium. The receiver then decodes the message and gives the sender a feedback. All forms of communication require a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, however the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication in order for the act of communication to occur. Communication requires that all parties have an area of communicative commonality. There are auditory means, such as speech, song, and tone of voice, and there are nonverbal means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, through media, i.e., pictures, graphics and sound, and writing.
A business (also known as company, enterprise, or firm) is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods, services, or both to consumers or tertiary business in exchange for money.Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, in which most businesses are privately owned and typically formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners.
Jadi komunikasi bisnis adalah komunikasi yang digunakan dalam dunia bisnis yang mencakup berbagai macam jenis dan bentuk komunikasi untuk mencapai tujuan bisnis dan karena Komunikasi bisnis ini merupakan komunikasi yang terjadi di dunia bisnis, jadi kita tidak boleh melanggar norma-norma yang ditetapkan oleh dunia bisnis ketika melakukan komunikasi. So business communication is communication that is used in the business world that includes various types and forms of communication to achieve business objectives and because this business communication is communication that occurs in the business world, so we must not violate the norms set by the business world while performing communication. Biasanya komunikasi bisnis memiliki aturan yang ketat, keras, formal, terstatndar dan tanpa toleransi. Usually, business communication has strict rules, hard, formal, standart and intolerant.

2. Please explain briefly the part of the letter !
1. THE HEADING
The heading of a letter contains the street address, city, state, and the date.
2. THE INSIDE ADDRESS
In social correspondence what is known as the inside address is omitted .In correspondence it is obviously necessary. The name andaddress of the person to whom a business letter is sent is placed at the left-hand side of the letter sheet below the heading,
3. THE SALUTATION
The salutation, or complimentary address to the person to whom the letter is written, in a social letter should begin at the left-hand side of the sheet about half an inch below the heading and an inch from the edge of the paper.
4. THE BODY OF THE LETTER
In the placing of a formal note it must be arranged so that the complete note appears on the first page only. The social letter is either formal or informal. The formal letter must be written according to certain established practice. It is the letter used for invitations to formal affairs, for announcements, and for the acknowledgment of these letters. The third person must always be used. If one receives a letter written in the third person one must answer in kind. It would be obviously incongruous to write. For the informal letter there are no set rules except that of courtesy, which requires that we have our thought distinctly in mind before putting it on paper. It may be necessary to pause a few moments before writing, to think out just what we want to say. A rambling, incoherent letter is not in good taste any more than careless, disheveled clothing. Spelling should be correct. If there is any difficulty in spelling, a small dictionary kept in the desk drawer is easily consulted. Begin each sentence with a capital. Start a new paragraph when you change to a new subject. Put periods (or interrogation points as required) at the ends of the sentences. It is neater to preserve a margin on both sides of the letter sheet. In the body of a business letter the opening sentence is in an important position, and this is obviously the place for an important fact. It ought in some way to state or refer to the subject of or reason for the letter, so as to get the attention of the reader immediately to the subject.
5. THE COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE
The complimentary close follows the body of the letter, about two or three spaces below it. It begins about in the center of the page under the body of the letter. Only the first word should be capitalized and a comma is placed at the end. The wording may vary according to the degree of cordiality or friendship
6. THE SIGNATURE
The signature is written below the complimentary close and a little to the right, so that it ends about at the right-hand margin
7. THE SUPERSCRIPTION
In the outside address or superscription of a letter the following forms.
3. Please find out the style of letter !
Block
In a Block format letter, (1) all text is aligned to the left margin, (2) paragraphs are not indented. 3) parts and paragraphs are separated by double or triple spacing.
Semi-Block
In a Semi-Block format letter, (1) all text is aligned to the left margin, (2) paragraphs are indented.
Modified Block
In a Modified Block format letter, (1) all text is aligned to the left margin, except for the author's address, date, and closing; and (2) paragraphs are not indented. The author's address, date, and closing are usually indented three inches from the left margin, but can be set anywhere to the right of the middle of the page, as long as all three elements are indented to the same position.
Modified Semi-Block
In a Modified Semi-Block format letter, (1) all text is aligned to the left margin, except for the author's address, date, and closing; and (2) paragraphs are indented. The author's address, date, and closing are usually indented three inches from the left margin, but can be set anywhere to the right of the middle of the page, as long as all three elements are indented to the same position.






















1. semiblock


Legend:
1. Return Address: If your stationery has a letterhead, skip this. Otherwise, type your name, address and optionally, phone number, five spaces to the right of center or flush with the right margin. Five spaces to the right of center is common. These days, it's also common to include an email address.
2. Date: Type the date five spaces to the right of center or flush with the right margin, two to six lines below the letterhead. Five spaces to the right of center and three lines below the letterhead are common. If there is no letterhead, type it where shown.
3. Reference Line: If the recipient specifically requests information, such as a job reference or invoice number, type it on one or two lines, immediately below and aligned with the Date (2). If you're replying to a letter, refer to it here. For example,
• Re: Job # 625-01
• Re: Your letter dated 1/1/200x.
4. Special Mailing Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. Examples include
• SPECIAL DELIVERY
• CERTIFIED MAIL
• AIRMAIL
5. On-Arrival Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. You might want to include a notation on private correspondence, such as a resignation letter. Include the same on the envelope. Examples are
• PERSONAL
• CONFIDENTIAL
6. Inside Address: Type the name and address of the person and/or company to whom you're sending the letter, three to eight lines below the last component you typed. Four lines are standard. If you type an Attention Line (7), skip the person's name here. Do the same on the envelope.
7. Attention Line: Type the name of the person to whom you're sending the letter. If you type the person's name in the Inside Address (6), skip this. Do the same on the envelope.
8. Salutation: Type the recipient's name here. Type Mr. or Ms. [Last Name] to show respect, but don't guess spelling or gender. Some common salutations are
• Ladies:
• Gentlemen:
• Dear Sir:
• Dear Sir or Madam:
• Dear [Full Name]:
• To Whom it May Concern:
9. Subject Line: Type the gist of your letter in all uppercase characters. Be concise on one line. If you type a Reference Line (3), consider if you really need this line. While it's not really necessary for most employment-related letters, examples are below.
• SUBJECT: RESIGNATION
• LETTER OF REFERENCE
• JOB INQUIRY
10. Body: Indent the first sentence in paragraphs five spaces. Type two spaces between sentences. Keep it brief and to the point.
11. Complimentary Close: Type this aligned with the Date (2). What you type here depends on the tone and degree of formality. For example,
• Respectfully yours (very formal)
• Sincerely (typical, less formal)
• Very truly yours (polite, neutral)
• Cordially yours (friendly, informal)
12. Signature Block: Align this block with the Complimentary Close (11). Leave four blank lines to sign your name. Sign it exactly the same as you typed it below your signature. Title is optional depending on relevancy and degree of formality. Examples are
• John Doe, Manager
• P. Smith
Director, Technical Support
• R. T. Jones - Sr. Field Engineer
13. Identification Initials: If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters. If you typed your own letter, just skip it since your name is already in the Signature Block (12). Common styles are below.
• JAD/cm
• JAD:cm
• clm
14. Enclosure Notation: This line tells the reader to look in the envelope for more. Type the singular for only one enclosure, plural for more. If you don't enclose anything, skip it. Common styles are below.
• Enclosure
• Enclosures: 3
• Enclosures (3)
15. cc: Stands for courtesy copies (formerly carbon copies). List the names of people to whom you distribute copies, in alphabetical order. If addresses would be useful to the recipient of the letter, include them. If you don't copy your letter to anyone, skip it.











2. Full Block

Legend:
1. Return Address: If your stationery has a letterhead, skip this. Otherwise, type your name, address and optionally, phone number. These days, it's common to also include an email address.
2. Date: Type the date of your letter two to six lines below the letterhead. Three are standard. If there is no letterhead, type it where shown.
3. Reference Line: If the recipient specifically requests information, such as a job reference or invoice number, type it on one or two lines, immediately below the Date (2). If you're replying to a letter, refer to it here. For example,
• Re: Job # 625-01
• Re: Your letter dated 1/1/200x.
4. Special Mailing Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. Examples include
• SPECIAL DELIVERY
• CERTIFIED MAIL
• AIRMAIL
5. On-Arrival Notations: Type in all uppercase characters, if appropriate. You might want to include a notation on private correspondence, such as a resignation letter. Include the same on the envelope. Examples are
• PERSONAL
• CONFIDENTIAL
6. Inside Address: Type the name and address of the person and/or company to whom you're sending the letter, three to eight lines below the last component you typed. Four lines are standard. If you type an Attention Line (7), skip the person's name here. Do the same on the envelope.
7. Attention Line: Type the name of the person to whom you're sending the letter. If you type the person's name in the Inside Address (6), skip this. Do the same on the envelope.
8. Salutation: Type the recipient's name here. Type Mr. or Ms. [Last Name] to show respect, but don't guess spelling or gender. Some common salutations are
• Ladies:
• Gentlemen:
• Dear Sir:
• Dear Sir or Madam:
• Dear [Full Name]:
• To Whom it May Concern:
9. Subject Line: Type the gist of your letter in all uppercase characters, either flush left or centered. Be concise on one line. If you type a Reference Line (3), consider if you really need this line. While it's not really necessary for most employment-related letters, examples are below.
• SUBJECT: RESIGNATION
• LETTER OF REFERENCE
• JOB INQUIRY
10. Body: Type two spaces between sentences. Keep it brief and to the point.
11. Complimentary Close: What you type here depends on the tone and degree of formality. For example,
• Respectfully yours (very formal)
• Sincerely (typical, less formal)
• Very truly yours (polite, neutral)
• Cordially yours (friendly, informal)
12. Signature Block: Leave four blank lines after the Complimentary Close (11) to sign your name. Sign your name exactly as you type it below your signature. Title is optional depending on relevancy and degree of formality. Examples are
• John Doe, Manager
• P. Smith
Director, Technical Support
• R. T. Jones - Sr. Field Engineer
13. Identification Initials: If someone typed the letter for you, he or she would typically include three of your initials in all uppercase characters, then two of his or hers in all lowercase characters. If you typed your own letter, just skip it since your name is already in the Signature Block (12). Common styles are below.
• JAD/cm
• JAD:cm
• clm
14. Enclosure Notation: This line tells the reader to look in the envelope for more. Type the singular for only one enclosure, plural for more. If you don't enclose anything, skip it. Common styles are below.
• Enclosure
• Enclosures: 3
• Enclosures (3)
15. cc: Stands for courtesy copies (formerly carbon copies). List the names of people to whom you distribute copies, in alphabetical order. If addresses would be useful to the recipient of the letter, include them. If you don't copy your letter to anyone, skip it.
































3. Block Style

__________
__________ heading : address and the date

__________

__________
_________________
______________ inside address : the name and address of the person
__________ to whom you are writing

_____________ greeting

_________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

______________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________________

________________________________________________________ body
_____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________ complimentary closing


signature

____________














4. Standart

________________ date


________ address and the name to whom you are writing
___________
___________


_________ greeting

______________________________________________
__________________________________________________
____________________________________________________ Title
______________________________________________________

________________________________________________
_________________________________________________ attention
____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

_______________________
_________________________
____________________________
__________________________________
________________________________________

______________ complimentary closing



signature

_____________